Texas Bankruptcy Blog : Texas Bankruptcy Lawyer & Attorney : Fears Nachawati law Firm : Chapter 7, Chapter 13, Consumer Bankrutpcy : Dallas, Fort Worth, Austin, Houston, San Antonio

The Chapter 13 bankruptcy trustee encourages debtors to make monthly plan payments using a wage deduction order. At the debtor’s request, the bankruptcy court will send an order to the employer to withhold money from the employee’s paycheck and send it to the trustee. Cases using wage deduction have fewer instances of default.

Many debtors don’t use wage deduction because they want to avoid informing their employer about the bankruptcy case. But does this make sense?

Bad credit can get you fired. Failure to manage your personal finances could lead to your termination, especially if you work for a bank and other financial institution, a retail store, or a business where you handle cash on a routine basis. Collection calls at work can get you fired. Mistakes and time off work can get you fired.

On the other hand, the federal bankruptcy laws prohibit government and private employers from firing you on the basis of your bankruptcy filing. By informing your employer that you have filed bankruptcy, you have put the employer on notice that you are dealing with your financial problems in a responsible and legal manner. In order to terminate you during your bankruptcy case, your employer must find a reason unrelated to your bankruptcy and personal finances. Consequently, most employers do not want to risk violating the federal law.

Finally, which is worse: to inform your employer of your bankruptcy through a wage deduction order, or for your employer to discover your financial problems through some other channel? Most employers (and people) respect honestly and forthrightness. Some employers conduct periodic credit checks on their employees, so your bankruptcy will be eventually discovered. This is especially the case with government work involving national security or the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.

Of course, every situation is different and you should discuss your situation with an experienced bankruptcy attorney. Your attorney can help you decide if a wage deduction order is right for you.
 

Creditor harassment is a common reason people visit bankruptcy attorneys. Collection calls can be a source of frustration and embarrassment. So once you have decided to file bankruptcy, should you tell your creditors?

The answer to this question depends on a number of things. First, have you hired an attorney? Once you retain bankruptcy counsel, you can inform your creditors, “Don’t talk to me; call my attorney!” The Fair Debt Collections Practices Act (FDCPA) prohibits third party collectors (collection agencies, attorneys, etc.) from speaking with you once they know you are represented by an attorney concerning the debt. Hiring a bankruptcy attorney can provide immediate relief and peace of mind to many who have been harassed by creditors. Ignoring the FDCPA and continuing to harass you can cause serious trouble for the collector.

The second issue is, “Can telling the creditor that you are filing harm you?” Hiring an attorney and intending to file bankruptcy are not the same as actually filing your bankruptcy case. Until you file you are not under federal bankruptcy protection, and a secured creditor may try to repossess property. For instance, if you are several payments behind on your car loan, the lender may decide to quickly repossess your vehicle to avoid complication and delay by the bankruptcy. You may get your vehicle back after you file a Chapter 13 case, but it may take a few days or longer. You will not get your vehicle returned if you file Chapter 7. Once you file your bankruptcy case, the creditor may not repossess property without the bankruptcy court’s permission.

Finally, creditors hear “I’m filing bankruptcy” every day. Are you able to file your case quickly, or will it take awhile? An original creditor (i.e. the one who loaned you money or extended credit) is not subject to the FDCPA. If you do not follow through quickly with your threat to file bankruptcy, the creditor may soon renew and increase its efforts.

Your bankruptcy attorney is in the best position to instruct you whether to tell your creditors that you intend to file bankruptcy. For many, the answer is “Yes,” but there are special circumstances when it is best to avoid disclosing a pending bankruptcy action. Consult with your attorney and get the advice you need.
 

Chapter 13 is a repayment bankruptcy. You pay your creditors whatever you can afford over three to five years (three years for lower income earners, five years for higher wage earners). You are required to commit your disposable income to the repayment plan during the repayment period. You are also required to pay as much to unsecured creditors as they would receive in a Chapter 7 liquidation bankruptcy.

An expected income tax refund is property of the bankruptcy estate. Many debtors are able to protect all or a portion of their income tax refunds by applying legal exemptions to the expected refund. After applying all of your available exemptions, the remaining unprotected amount is often little or nothing.

If you cannot protect your tax refund with exemptions, you are required to pay the non-exempt amount in your monthly plan payments. This is because your unsecured creditors would get this money if you filed a Chapter 7 bankruptcy.

Even if you have a non-exempt tax refund, your bankruptcy attorney may be able to save your refund under certain circumstances. One trick to apply the non-exempt portion of your expected income tax refund to next year’s taxes. The IRS will keep your tax overpayment and use it for taxes you may owe in the future. The Tenth Circuit case of Weinman v. Graves, 609 F.3d 1153 (10th Cir. 2010) holds that the bankruptcy trustee cannot force the IRS to turnover a tax refund that is held to pay future taxes. The election to apply the refund to your future tax liability is irrevocable under section 6513(d) of the Internal Revenue Code. Consequently, your interest in the refund when you file bankruptcy is limited to what is left after the IRS applies the money to next year’s tax liability.

This trick is common in Chapter 7 cases, but can be used in Chapter 13 cases as well to avoid increasing your monthly plan payment. Working closely with your bankruptcy attorney and a skilled CPA will maximize the amount of money you get to keep. If you are expecting a large income tax refund, but need to file Chapter 13, speak with an experienced bankruptcy attorney and discuss your options. Your attorney can explain how the federal laws can protect your assets and discharge your debts.

Stopping a Tax Offset for a Defaulted Federal Student Loan

Federal student loans are guaranteed by the US government and administered by the Department of Education. When a borrower defaults on the loan, the Department of Education may refer the loan to the Department of the Treasury for collection. The Treasury issues your tax refund check, which can be offset to pay your defaulted student loans. The Treasury will offset your entire refund, even if it includes money owed to your non-obligated spouse or an earned income tax credit.

So what can you do to stop this nightmare?

First, the Department of Education is required to send you notice of the offset. You are entitled to a hearing and an opportunity to present evidence when challenging the debt. If you make a timely request for a hearing, the collection process must stop. So it is in your best interest to review the loan documentation and request a hearing if there are mistakes. During that time you should also contact the Department of Education, negotiate a repayment schedule, and request that all garnishments and seizures cease.

Second, you should check with the Internal Revenue Service and see whether your tax refund will be offset. The number to the IRS Offset Hotline is 800-304-3107.

Third, if you filed a joint income tax return, your spouse may be eligible to reclaim his or her portion of your joint refund. Your spouse must file an "injured spouse" claim form (IRS Form 8379) with the Internal Revenue Service. Questions regarding the amount your spouse will receive can be answered by the IRS by calling 800-829-1040.

Fourth, you may be able to stop the collection process if you can show evidence of financial hardship. You must contact the Department of Education and submit documentation to support your claim. The Department of Education will consider your claim and may agree to modify the withholding action.

Finally, bankruptcy may stop an offset of your income tax refund. The bankruptcy laws on this matter are complex and require the attention of an experienced attorney. In general, the bankruptcy code allows a creditor to offset money owed to the debtor against a pre-bankruptcy debt. The offset must involve the same parties to the credit and the debt. If the creditor wants to perform an offset during the bankruptcy (for instance, during a Chapter 13 bankruptcy), it must first ask the bankruptcy court for relief from the automatic stay.

If you have defaulted on your student loans, you may be able to stop an IRS offset of your income tax refund. It is important to discuss the specifics of your situation with an experienced bankruptcy attorney. Your attorney can recommend the best course of action to protect your assets and income.
 

Many people start financial planning when the decision is made to file bankruptcy. Financial planning is good, but doing it yourself can be disastrous. In particular, there are five activities that can cause serious problems in your bankruptcy case, so today’s article is a list of the top five activities to avoid before you file bankruptcy.

5. Don’t use credit cards. In bankruptcy, as in life, honesty is the best policy. Using credit when you have no intention on repaying is fraud and you can be charged with a crime! The bankruptcy code gives the credit card company legal advantages when credit is used just prior to filing bankruptcy. The result is often that you have to repay credit you use just before filing bankruptcy. Consult with your bankruptcy attorney before you use a credit card convenience check, transfer a credit card balance, take a cash advance, or go on a spending spree.

4. Don’t transfer property. Transfers just before bankruptcy must be identified and the bankruptcy trustee will take a special interest in your case. The bankruptcy trustee always assumes the worst and will look on any transfer with suspicion. Illegal transfers can be voided by the trustee and you may lose your right to protect the property. For instance, let’s say you sold your car worth $3,000 to your adult daughter for $1. Since this is not an arm’s length and fair transaction, the trustee can avoid the transfer, and force your daughter to turn over the car to the trustee. Since you did not own the car when you filed, you are not entitled to protect the vehicle with your legal exemptions. The trustee will now sell the car to pay your creditors and you lost a $3,000 asset. If you want to sell or transfer property, speak with your bankruptcy attorney. Your attorney can show you the right way to transfer the property without causing a legal mess.

3. Don't repay loans to friends or family. Money used to repay a loan to a friend or family member within a year of your bankruptcy filing can be avoided by the bankruptcy trustee. The trustee can sue your friend or family member for the money.

2. Don't pay more than $600 to one creditor. Like payments to friends or family members, payments that exceed $600 to any one creditor within 90 days of the bankruptcy filing can be avoided. Speak with your bankruptcy attorney before paying creditors.

1. Don't cash out retirement plans or 401k's. Retirement plans are often fully protected by bankruptcy laws, so do not touch these accounts until after you file bankruptcy. Once the money is moved it is more difficult to protect and you may lose your retirement funds.

The bankruptcy code contains many traps for the unwary. A bankruptcy professional can help you avoid these common traps. Don’t wait to speak with a bankruptcy attorney and discuss your financial situation. Get experienced advice on how to obtain the help you need.
 

The most common goal in bankruptcy is the discharge; however the discharge is not every debtor’s goal. For some, the goal of bankruptcy may be to use the automatic stay to postpone a legal action, like a foreclosure or a lawsuit, while the debtor negotiates a settlement. For others, it may mean buying time to refinance a debt. When the objective is met, these debtors want to dismiss the bankruptcy case. The bankruptcy code contains special provisions for dismissing a bankruptcy case.

A Chapter 7 debtor is not able to dismiss the case without the permission of the bankruptcy judge. If the case does not contain assets (a “no asset case”), approval is easy to obtain. On the other hand, if the case is an asset case and creditors will receive money, the trustee will likely object to the dismissal and request permission to distribute the asset proceeds to your creditors. This is important for a Chapter 7 debtor who receives a large sum of money like an unexpected inheritance. The debtor cannot just say “forget it” and walk away from the bankruptcy case and keep the money.

A Chapter 13 debtor has an absolute right to dismiss the bankruptcy case. The theory behind this is that a debtor should be able to stop the bankruptcy and repay creditors on his or her own terms. The bankruptcy court will still look at whether the debtor is acting in good faith. If the debtor is not acting in good faith, the case may be converted involuntarily to a Chapter 7.

While the discharge remains the crown jewel of the bankruptcy process, it is not the only reason to consider a personal bankruptcy. An experienced bankruptcy attorney can discuss the advantages of the federal bankruptcy code and how it can help you and your situation. Your bankruptcy attorney can work with you to plan your strategy to eliminate debt and reorganize your finances.
 

The most common types of personal bankruptcy are Chapter 7 and Chapter 13 bankruptcy. A Chapter 7 bankruptcy is an “erase-your-debts-and-start-fresh” bankruptcy. The Chapter 7 case typically takes around four to five months and unsecured debts are discharged. On the other hand, Chapter 13 cases last three to five years and all disposable income is paid to unsecured creditors. So why would any reasonable person choose Chapter 13 over Chapter 7? There are several differences between Chapter 13 and Chapter 7 which offer special advantages under the right circumstances.

The most significant advantage, and perhaps the main reason many debtors choose Chapter 13, is the opportunity to save a home from foreclosure. Chapter 13 allows the debtor to cure overdue mortgage payments over the life of the repayment plan (three to five years). During a Chapter 13 bankruptcy, the debtor may also take advantage of any home loan modification program that he or she is otherwise qualified to receive. Finally, a home that has a second or third mortgage that is completely unsecured may qualify for lien stripping in Chapter 13. Once the junior mortgage is stripped off, the debt is paid at the same rate as other unsecured debts and the remaining balance is discharged at the end of the bankruptcy case.

Another advantage is the ability to “cram-down” a motor vehicle loan to the fair market value of the vehicle. The loan principal of the qualifying vehicle loan is reduced and the payment is stretched over the life of the repayment plan. High interest may also be crammed down to the trustee’s interest rate, which could mean a significant savings in monthly payments.

During a Chapter 13 bankruptcy case, any co-debtor or co-signor is protected from creditor collector and harassment. This provision protects a co-debtor from harm while the debt is repaid in bankruptcy.

Chapter 13 also acts like a court ordered consolidation loan. The bankruptcy court judge orders the creditors to accept payments during bankruptcy, whether they like it or not! The debtor has no direct contact with the creditors during the case. If the creditor has an issue with how its debt is treated in bankruptcy, the creditor must take it up with the judge.

Chapter 13 can be a powerful legal tool for some debtors, but it is not for everyone. The federal bankruptcy code contains many provisions that are specifically suited to help individuals recover during financial crisis. The protection is broad and the relief is very real. If you are struggling financially, speak with an experienced bankruptcy attorney and learn how the bankruptcy laws can help you.
 

In the 1980’s Prince sang, “Tonight I’m gonna party like it’s 1999!” Well, if you’re being financially squeezed, perhaps its time to “budget like it’s 1971!” What that means is to take a hard look at where your money is going and how you can cut expenses. Chances are you can make big cuts in discretionary spending for high tech products and services. Let’s look at how we can save money on three technologies that were not commercially available in 1971:

Cable or Satellite TV
Basic cable or satellite television services promise a reasonable monthly rate, but your bill can quickly escalate with high definition service and premium channels. Many of these channels are never watched or wanted, but you still pay for them in a subscription package. So ask yourself, can you live without watching the Golf Channel in high definition?

Internet
Basic internet services also start low, but can quickly double in price as speed increases. Many companies offer high speed internet in a bundled package that includes television and telephone. Bundled packages are often discounted for the first year of a two year contract, and jumps significantly in price during the second year. However, that is not always the case, and more companies are offering “no contract” services as a way of luring new customers. The moral here is, “Shop around!”

Cellular Phone
Basic cell phone “talk” minutes are relatively cheap, while text and data packages are more costly. One simple way to reduce your cell phone bill is to ask your carrier to conduct an audit on your account. You may be able to reduce your monthly minutes or eliminate extra features you don’t use.

The popularity of cellular phones has made the home phone almost extinct. Even those households that use a landline for fax use can reduce costs by connecting a home office fax machine to the internet and drop home phone service altogether.

Ask for a Discount
You don’t get what you don’t ask for! If you are under contract with a television, internet, or cell service, call your provider and say you are a loyal customer interested in reducing your bill. In many cases the provider will discount your bill to keep you happy (and loyal)!

Families struggling with finances can save money by taking a critical look at their expenses. If cutting costs isn’t enough, the federal bankruptcy laws can eliminate your debts. The combination of reducing spending and eliminating bills through bankruptcy can be powerful financial medicine.
 

There is an old saying, "A drowning man will grab even the edge of a sword." For a homeowner drowning in debt, any assistance may seem beneficial. Unfortunately, there are scam artists that use a desperate situation to make a few quick bucks.

Case in point is an Austin, Texas, man who recently pled guilty to operating a foreclosure-rescue scam. Frederic Alan Gladle, 53, admitted that for four years he defrauded homeowners that netted him more than $1.6 million in fees. According to court documents, Gladle used different aliases and the stolen the identity of at least one person to set up a mobile phone number.

Gladle, who played linebacker on the University of Southern California’s 1978 national football championship team and is married to the 1984 Playboy Playmate of the Year, charged distressed homeowners fees in exchange for fraudulently postponing foreclosure sales. He faces two to seven years in prison.

In a statement released by the U.S. Department of Justice, "Gladle admitted that he recruited homeowners whose properties were in danger of imminent foreclosure and falsely promised to delay the foreclosures for up to six months, in exchange for a fee of approximately $750 per month. Gladle, directly or through salespersons, directed homeowners to sign deeds granting fractional interest in their properties to debtors in bankruptcy proceedings whose names Gladle found by searching bankruptcy records. The debtors were unaware that their names and bankruptcy cases were being used by Gladle in his scheme. Gladle then sent the unsuspecting debtors’ bankruptcy petitions, and the deeds that transferred fractional interests to the debtors, to the homeowners’ lenders to stop foreclosure proceedings."

The involvement of the federal bankruptcy process immediately stopped the foreclosure on the homeowner's property and forced lenders to seek permission to proceed from the bankruptcy courts.

“This is the latest example of heartless criminal activity by an individual who sought to capitalize on the misfortune of those affected by hard economic times,” said Steven Martinez, assistant director of the FBI’s Los Angeles field office. “Mr. Gladle defrauded victims trying to save their homes, further exploited those in debt by stealing their identities, and wreaked havoc on both banks and the bankruptcy courts by manipulating the system.”

If you are facing foreclosure, speak with an experienced bankruptcy attorney and discuss your legal options. You may be eligible for home loan modification, including a principal and/or interest reduction; repayment or second mortgage lien stripping through Chapter 13 bankruptcy; or debt elimination under Chapter 7. Your attorney can explain your options and help you decide on a course of action that is best for your family without making matters worse, or involve you in illegal activity.
 

Fewer personal bankruptcy cases were filed during 2011 according to a report by the National Bankruptcy Research Center. In 2011 about 1.3 million consumer bankruptcy cases were filed throughout the United States, or about one out of every 175 Americans. That is a decrease from 2010 when slightly less than 1.5 million cases were filed, or one out of 150 Americans, filed bankruptcy.

Chapter 13 filings fell 8 percent from 2010 totals, and Chapter 7 filings dropped 13 percent. 2011 marked the first time the number of personal bankruptcy cases had fallen since 2006. Nevada remains at the top spot for the nation’s highest per capita filing rate at 8.98 bankruptcy cases per 1,000 residents. That is a drop from Nevada’s 11.1 filing rate in 2010.

“The decline in total filings reflects the retrenchment in consumer spending associated with a down U.S. economy,” said American Bankruptcy Institute Executive Director Samuel J. Gerdano. “As consumers continue to deleverage their debt and access to credit remains tight, bankruptcy filings will continue to decrease.” The American Bankruptcy Institute is the largest multi-disciplinary, nonpartisan organization dedicated to research and education on matters related to insolvency.

While national bankruptcy statistics may be interesting, your financial situation is not a statistic. Your case is unique and deserves a skilled attorney committed to guide you through the maze of the federal bankruptcy laws. You may need a Chapter 7 “straight bankruptcy” that can discharge unsecured debts and get you quickly back on the road to recovery. Or your situation may require a Chapter 13 repayment plan to save your family home and right your sinking financial ship.

If you are struggling with debts you cannot pay, speak with an experienced bankruptcy attorney and discover how the federal bankruptcy laws can help you. Each year over a million people chose bankruptcy relief because it works! Bankruptcy can eliminate your debt burden and put you on the path to a fresh financial start.

The bankruptcy discharge is a court ordered permanent injunction prohibiting certain creditors from taking collection action against the debtor. A debt discharged by your bankruptcy cannot be collected from you. Unfortunately, some creditors refuse to take “No” for an answer. If you are contacted regarding a discharged debt, here’s what to do:

Inform the creditor of your bankruptcy discharge
When a debt is discharged in bankruptcy it does not simply vanish. The debt still exists; it is just not “collectible.” This debt may be sold or transferred to another collector, and the new collector may not know about your bankruptcy discharge. This is not to say that ignorance is a defense to violating the court order! However, informing the collector of your bankruptcy discharge is usually enough to stop all collection activities.

The collector may ask you for information about your case, including your case number, bankruptcy chapter (Chapter 7 or Chapter 13), and the date of the discharge. These are reasonable requests if meant to update their records so you are not bothered in the future. If you do not have this information, simply refer the collector to your bankruptcy attorney.

Ask for sanctions
In some cases the creditor knows about the bankruptcy discharge and still tries to collect. Whether its action results from ignorance or arrogance, the bankruptcy court takes a very dim view of creditors that intentionally violate its discharge order. When a court order is violated it is punished by contempt of court. The bankruptcy court can sanction the violator (called the “contemnor”) and assess a fine, award actual damages, and order the contemnor to pay the debtor’s attorney fees.

The federal bankruptcy laws offer very powerful protection. Getting the full benefit of your bankruptcy case requires a skilled and experienced attorney. Your attorney can use the bankruptcy laws to give you a fresh start that is free of creditor harassment.
 

A recent survey indicates a disturbing trend in the spending habits of the American consumer. After two years of moderate credit card use, new figures from Card Hub show that credit card use has significantly increased during the past year. Consumers are on track to end 2011 with a $64 billion increase in credit card debt.

Americans are also paying off credit card debt at a slower pace. During the first quarter of each year credit card debt usually declines, mostly due to annual bonuses and tax refund checks. In 2009 and 2010, consumers paid down more in the first quarter than they charged in new debt through the end of the third quarter. This year consumers kept the cash and kept charging throughout the year. Even more disturbing is that this year's third quarter credit card debt total was 154 percent more than in the same period last year.

Carrying large credit card debt can create serious financial problems. According to the Federal Reserve's credit card repayment calculator, a $5,000 debt at a 15% interest rate will take 7 years to pay off at $100 per month. During this time you will pay an extra $2,896 in interest charges!

If credit card fees are eating up your paycheck, it may be time to consider bankruptcy. During Chapter 13 bankruptcy you are able to structure an affordable repayment plan to pay credit card debt. Whatever you are not able to pay will be discharged after three to five years of repayment.

If you cannot afford to repay anything towards your credit card debt, Chapter 7 may be the answer. A Chapter 7, also called a "straight bankruptcy," lasts about five months and nothing is paid to your credit cards. Most bankruptcy debtors are able to keep everything they own while discharging debts they cannot afford to pay.

When credit card debt has taken over your finances, consult with an experienced bankruptcy attorney and learn how the federal bankruptcy laws can help. Don't let credit card debt hold your paycheck hostage! Bankruptcy offers powerful protection from creditors and can discharge overwhelming debts.
 

There are many reasons that an individual would consider "walking away" from a home. Before abandoning your home, speak with a qualified bankruptcy attorney about the consequences. Your attorney can discuss alternatives for keeping your home such as loan modification, bankruptcy lien stripping, or Chapter 13 repayment. If surrendering your home is the best option, then a short sale, a deed in lieu of foreclosure, or even renting out your home may be better solutions than walking away. In most cases staying in your home as long as possible is the best choice. Be sure to consult with an attorney and examine all of your options before you make a decision.

If you decide to walk away from your home, be aware that you are still the legal owner. Consequently you should maintain insurance on the property until the property is transferred. Many things can happen to an empty house. Someone may be injured on the property, there may be fire or flooding, the roof may leak, or the pipes may freeze. If the lender takes out insurance on the property (“force-placed” insurance), you are not covered. Force placed insurance only covers damage to the property.

Filing bankruptcy does not mean that you no longer own the property. You may be liable for a claim or an accident that happens on the property after you file bankruptcy and before ownership is transferred. A claim that arises after you file bankruptcy is generally not dischargeable! Additionally, some condominium or homeowners association fees that occur after you file bankruptcy may not be dischargeable, and there is the possibility of tax consequences. Speak to an experienced attorney to determine whether you will be responsible for these fees and taxes.

Aside from insurance, there are other things you can do to protect yourself and the property. First, be sure that all windows and doors are locked. Second, ensure that all mail and newspaper service are forwarded or cancelled. Do not advertise that the house is vacant. Third, turn off lights and unplug appliances. Fourth, turn off air conditioning and turn down heat to a low level. Maintaining a modicum of heat is necessary to prevent walls and pipes from freezing. Fifth, remove any swing sets, trampolines, play gyms, or other items that might attract children into your yard. Finally, arrange for someone to inspect the home periodically and take care of any yard work. Failure to maintain the property may result in fines or citations from local authorities.

Document all of the activities surrounding the home including the date that you move out, and the condition of the house. Note any damage, and take digital pictures of the inside and outside of the house. Do not remove anything that is permanently attached to the property. Toilets, built-in appliances, and other fixtures are a permanent part of the property and removing these items may cause you legal headaches in the future.

Walking away from your home can lead to legal complications. Explore your options with your attorney before making a decision. Your attorney can help you reach the best decision for your family, and help manage any potential legal liability.

Can you get evicted for declaring bankruptcy? This is a tricky question and depends on the individual facts of your case. If you file a Chapter 7 and are not behind in your rent payments, then the general answer is, “No.” Filing a bankruptcy case does not breach or terminate the lease agreement, so the landlord cannot evict simply because you seek bankruptcy protection.

In a Chapter 13 case, the bankruptcy trustee may weigh whether terminating your lease agreement would benefit your creditors. The trustee might consider terminating the agreement if you are paying a great deal more in rent than what most people in your area are paying. The purpose is to reduce your expenses and free up money to pay creditors. The trustee may seek this termination regardless of whether you’re violated your lease or are behind in rents.

If you are behind in rents prior to the bankruptcy filing, the federal laws prevent the landlord from evicting you during the bankruptcy. This protection, called the “automatic stay,” stops all collection action against you, and forces the evicting landlord to seek relief from the bankruptcy court. However, if you are endangering the rental property or using controlled substances illegally on the premises, the landlord may be able to evict during the bankruptcy. The landlord must file a certification to the bankruptcy court and the tenant has 15 days to respond. The court must hold a hearing within 10 days.

The bankruptcy automatic stay will not relieve you from your obligation to pay rent after the bankruptcy filing date. If you fall behind on your rent payments after the bankruptcy is filed, your landlord may evict you, but cannot seek payment of past rents. If you are not behind on rents at the time the bankruptcy case is filed, your landlord is not a creditor and will not receive notice of your bankruptcy filing. However, you must account for any rent deposit on your bankruptcy schedules.

If your landlord has already obtained a judgment for possession and order of eviction before you file bankruptcy, the legal process is more complex. You must deposit one month of rent with the bankruptcy court along with a statement that the judgment permits you to stay in the premises upon satisfaction of the entire judgment amount. This filing stays the eviction process for thirty days. If you wish to remain longer, the entire judgment amount must be paid within the thirty day period.

Bankruptcy can stop an eviction and give you time to move or make arrangements to stay. If you are facing eviction from your rental home and contemplating bankruptcy, discuss your situation with an experienced bankruptcy attorney. Your attorney can give you legal advice that will help your specific case.
 

Before starting your holiday shopping, take a moment and view some sage advice from a “consumer expert:”

http://www.nbc.com/saturday-night-live/video/dont-buy-stuff/27169/

Sure, it’s a funny video, but only because we are laughing at ourselves! Of course you shouldn’t buy stuff you can’t afford. Bad things can happen when you abuse credit, especially if you have over-extended your finances.

This holiday season layaway is making a comeback as a financing option. Layaway was very popular with holiday shoppers years ago, but its popularity diminished as credit became easier to obtain during the 1990’s. The basic idea is that you set aside an item at the store, hold it with a deposit, and make payments over time. Once you have fully paid for the item, you can take it home.

Recently New York Sen. Chuck Schumer issued a public warning that the fees that retailers are charging for layaway purchases can add up to a higher interest rate than any credit card would be allowed to charge.

"These layaway programs are nothing more than hideaways for sky-high interest rates that consumers would never tolerate with a credit card," Schumer told the AP. "The holiday season is supposed to be about giving and not taking, but these layaway programs are taking advantage of people and charging them outrageous interest rates, under the guise of making it easier and more affordable to shop."

A good example of how the typical layaway program works is at Kmart. The retailer offers an 8 week layaway plan that charges an initial $5.00 “Service Fee” for all new layaway contracts. The customer is required to put down a minimum of $15.00 to hold the item, and must make four “easy” payments over the next eight weeks. There is a $10.00 “Cancellation Fee” if you change your mind. If you can’t pay for the item or change your mind, kmart keeps $15.00 and you get nothing.

Bankruptcy debtors are especially susceptible to high interest credit schemes since credit cards are generally not available. However you decide to pay for your holiday purchases, make sure you make a wise choice. If you decide to use layaway or some other form of credit, be sure that you understand the details of the deal. That way you can make an informed decision.

“We wish you a debt-free Christmas and a fresh start New Year!”
 

Purchasing a home is for many the realization of the American Dream. Over the past few decades the Home Owners Association has become the double-edged sword of the American Dream. On the one hand, HOAs are great. They help ensure high property values by making sure that everyone maintains their home and do not create eyesores. On the other hand they can be beasts of burden, with many often wondering if they are worth the added yearly, quarterly or monthly expense. Regardless of their value to you HOAs have become increasingly powerful. So powerful that falling behind on your HOA fees in some cases is tantamount to falling behind on your mortgage or taxes, allowing the HOA to attach a lien to your property and foreclose on your home.

Chapter 13 can help. Firstly, when a debtor files Chapter 13 an HOA is legally prohibited from attempting to collect all included debts. This means that any collection attempts for HOA fees owed prior to the minute the debtor filed must cease. Secondly, Chapter 13 takes an accounting of all debts owed and prioritizes them. Some debts, such as attorneys fees, are considered top priority debts and are placed at the top of the list. Other debts, such as HOA fees, mortgage and credit card debts are placed in a general pot to be worked out in a monthly repayment agreement.

Chapter 13 is helpful because it allows many debtors to renegotiate unfavorable terms and get better interest rates, particularly on credit card debt and in some instances, a mortgage. This not only helps with the amount owed to that particular company, but it also frees up money for the debtor to pay other items. There are a great many benefits to filing Chapter 13. Consult our firm today to see if this may be helpful for you. 

Many bankruptcy debtors need a credit card for work. Whether it is necessary for business purchases or travel, it is common for a debtor to ask, “Can I keep one of my credit cards?”

The answer to this question depends on a few circumstances. First, is there a balance on the card? If your card balance is zero on the day that you file your bankruptcy, then the credit card company is not a “creditor” for bankruptcy purposes, and you do not have to list the card as a debt in your bankruptcy schedules. Consequently, the credit card company will not receive notice of your bankruptcy case.

Before you pay down your credit card debt, be advised that substantial payments to creditors shortly before filing bankruptcy could cause a serious problem. Large payments to a creditor within 90 days of your bankruptcy filing may be avoided by the bankruptcy trustee. The trustee could compel the turnover of money paid to your credit card company and then divide it between all unsecured creditors (after the trustee takes a cut, of course). If you are considering a bankruptcy filing, speak to an experienced bankruptcy attorney before making large payments to any creditor.

The second circumstance to consider is, will the credit card company find out about your bankruptcy filing and cancel your card? Credit card companies perform periodic credit checks of customers to minimize risk. You may be able to keep your pre-bankruptcy credit card for a time, but then discover your card has been cancelled at an inconvenient time.

Finally, what type of bankruptcy case are you filing? In a Chapter 13 case, the debtor is prohibited from incurring any new debt without the approval of the trustee and bankruptcy court. Using credit during a Chapter 13 case can land you in trouble with the court, and your case could be dismissed.

Keeping a credit card after bankruptcy is often tricky business. Fortunately, many Chapter 7 debtors receive credit card offers soon after discharge, in some cases from the same companies they recently discharged. The usual advice is to discharge all of your unsecured creditors. If you need a credit card for work, apply for a new card or open a secured credit card account.
 

The Internal Revenue Service has enormous power to garnish a tax debtor’s wages. The IRS does not require a court order to garnish assets or wages, called an administrative levy, and can levy upon wages, bank accounts, social security payments, accounts receivables, insurance proceeds, real property, and, in some cases, a personal residence. The IRS has only a few simple requirements to meet before garnishing wages:

• The IRS must assess a tax debt and send a Demand for Payment;
• The tax debtor must neglect or refuse to pay the tax; and
• The IRS must send a Notice of Intent to Levy and Notice of Your Right to a Hearing at least 30 days before the garnishment.

Bankruptcy can stop an IRS tax levy. Under the automatic stay provisions of the federal Bankruptcy Code, once a bankruptcy case is filed, the IRS must stop garnishing the tax debtor’s wages. The relief is immediate, whether or not the IRS knows about the bankruptcy filing. If wages are garnished after the bankruptcy case is filed, they must be returned immediately. This legal injunction continues until the bankruptcy discharge is entered, the case is dismissed, or the stay is lifted by the bankruptcy court.

Some tax debts can be discharged in bankruptcy. In general, an income tax debt may be discharged if the tax is more than three years old. Additionally, if the income tax debt is discharged, any tax penalty is also discharged. If the underlying tax debt is not discharged, in some cases the tax penalty may be discharged.

Even when a tax debt cannot be discharged, a tax debtor may find relief through the bankruptcy process. Since the IRS cannot garnish wages during the bankruptcy case, a tax debtor may delay a tax levy for up to five years by filing a Chapter 13 bankruptcy. During that time some or all of the tax debt can be repaid and no new tax penalties will accrue.

In some cases the debtor may consider filing bankruptcy and then making the IRS an Offer in Compromise for any non-dischargeable tax debt. The IRS will not consider an Offer in Compromise during a bankruptcy case. After the bankruptcy has discharged, the IRS will consider an Offer in Compromise, and, in many cases, the recent bankruptcy filing will serve as powerful evidence of the inability of the IRS to collect on the tax debt.

The federal Bankruptcy Code can protect you from IRS garnishment and can help you resolve your tax debt. Bankruptcy can provide you with time to repay your obligation, without the threat of IRS seizure or garnishment; or, in some circumstances, can permanently discharge your tax debt. Your bankruptcy attorney can explain your legal rights and the available opportunities to free yourself from your income tax burden.
 

National banks that took federal bail-out money also agreed to participate in government home modification programs. These banks have created in-house loan negotiators to assist in home-loan modifications, which may reduce loan principle or interest to adjust the loan to an affordable rate. Many American homeowners have applied for these programs, but few have been approved. In many cases the empty promise of home loan modification leaves the homeowner in a worse position than when he started.

It has become clear that these banks are simply not playing fair. Several lawsuits have been filed against national banks alleging fraud. A federal lawsuit was recently filed by the State of Nevada Attorney General against Bank of America, the nation's largest home loan servicer, alleging deceptive practices. Additionally, a class-action lawsuit against Bank of America is pending in Massachusetts federal court. These suits claim that Bank of America deceived consumers into depleting their savings by making mortgage payments based on false hopes they'd be eligible to modify their home mortgages. The lawsuits allege that BOA accepted $25 billion from the U.S. government in 2008 as part of the Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP), but has failed to participate in programs such as the Home Affordable Modification Program (HAMP) aimed to minimize foreclosures.

If you are in need of a home modification, review your options with an experienced bankruptcy attorney. Many bankruptcy debtors are able to strip away a second or third mortgage, or pay past-due payment over three to five years. Bankruptcy debtors can also apply for government programs such as HAMP during the bankruptcy case, while under the protection and supervision of a federal bankruptcy court judge.
 

There is no denying it: the bankruptcy process is unpleasant. It is not easy to meet with an attorney, disclose detailed information about your personal finances, or file a federal bankruptcy case to discharge debts. However, bankruptcy is a legal remedy that can help an individual who desperately needs relief from an overwhelming debt burden. The bankruptcy process can turn around an unhealthy situation and put you on a course to financial well-being.

Some clients ask whether bankruptcy will destroy their credit score. Well, the short-term answer is, "Yes." In the short-run your credit score will drop and it takes time and patience to recover. Typically, one to two years of responsible post-bankruptcy credit management is required before a credit score is returned to the "average" range.

While the immediate drop of your credit score after bankruptcy is sharp, the effect on a credit score from debt negotiation can be slow and painful. Debt settlement is known by many names including “debt settlement” or “credit counseling” and includes any debt relief program in which the creditor receives less than full payment or agrees to terms different from the original credit contract. During any settlement or repayment program missed or late payments are reported to the credit bureaus until the debt is satisfied. If the debt is settled for less than full payment, your credit report will negatively reflect that the creditor settled for less than 100%. This could mean years of negative reporting before your credit can start to recover. Additionally, you may receive a tax bill for any debt amount that was settled. The IRS calls this a "forgiven debt" and considers the savings as part of your income.

On the other hand, a Chapter 7 discharge takes around four months, start to finish. At the end the debt is discharged, and your credit report will state that the debt was "discharged in bankruptcy." The federal law dictates that the report of bankruptcy is the last negative information that can be recorded on your credit file concerning a discharged debt. You can start rebuilding your credit immediately after your discharge and without the burden of unpaid debts.

If you are considering bankruptcy to relieve you of financial difficulty, speak with a qualified and experienced bankruptcy attorney. The federal bankruptcy law offers powerful protections for individuals struggling with debt. Call (214)890-0711 and learn how a Texas bankruptcy lawyer can quickly eliminate your debt.
 

Preparing to file bankruptcy is about as fun as preparing for a tax audit. Fortunately, the preparation is the most difficulty part of the bankruptcy process, and the end result of your bankruptcy case is financial relief, rather than a potential tax bill. To get you started on the right track, here are four tips for preparing to file bankruptcy:

Stop Using Credit Cards
If you are considering bankruptcy, you are likely already insolvent. Using credit when you cannot repay the creditor may be fraudulent. Your credit card charges may be found nondischargeable in bankruptcy, or, at worst, you could be charged with a criminal act. The safest advice is to stop charging immediately.

Assemble Important Documents
You will need to verify your identity and social security number with the court, usually in the form of a government issued photo I.D. and a Social Security Card. Additionally, the bankruptcy trustee may want to see important legal and financial documents, such as:
Pay stubs
Business income and expense records
Income tax returns for the past two years
Retirement and investment accounts
Life insurance policies
Vehicle titles and loan paperwork
Home documents such as deeds and notes

Collect Information Regarding Your Debts
Collect your monthly bills and obtain a copy of your credit report. A free (no-strings-attached) credit report can be obtained from www.annualcreditreport.com. If you do not have paper documentation concerning a debt, write down the name and address of the creditor, and the amount owed.

Find a Bankruptcy Attorney
Bankruptcy is a powerful legal and financial tool to help the honest individual who is overwhelmed with debt. However, this federal process can be very complicated and you need the guidance of an experienced bankruptcy attorney. Your attorney can help you make decisions before and during the case, and create a plan for you to get back on your feet after bankruptcy. Your attorney understands the bankruptcy laws and procedures and can take advantage of the streamlined nature of the bankruptcy system. Debtors represented by experienced counsel can expect their cases to proceed quickly and smoothly to resolution, without surprises. Don’t go it alone! Ensure your fresh start by hiring a skilled bankruptcy attorney.

In theory debt settlement is simple: the debtor negotiates with the creditor to reduce a debt to an amount that is regarded as payment in full. It sounds honest enough: the debtor cannot afford to repay a debt, so the creditor agrees to accept a reduction. The creditor is paid something and the debtor avoids bankruptcy.

In practice debt settlement is a nasty game of chicken. The debt settlement company advises the debtor to stop making monthly payments to the creditor. In response, the creditor pressures the debtor to pay through harassing telephone calls, damage to the debtor’s credit report, mounting interest and fees, and perhaps legal action. The resolution comes when one side blinks: either the creditor is convinced that it better take a settlement or risk discharge in bankruptcy; or the debtor realizes that his or her credit is ruined and actually files bankruptcy.

Debt settlement is big business, but many debt settlement companies have caused big trouble for their clients. Take for example Debt Relief USA. This company, like many debt settlement companies, advised its customers to stop paying its creditors and instead deposit money into a Debt Relief USA settlement account. This money, held by Debt Relief USA, was to be used as settle funds for the individual’s debts. Customers were assessed fees for services including burdensome “administration fees” and monthly “maintenance fees” that further damaged its customers’ financial situations. When a debt was settled, the Debt Relief USA charged a 13 percent “negotiation fee.”

In 2009 Debt Relief USA filed a Chapter 11 bankruptcy and claimed that it owed its clients $5 million from these settlement accounts. In December 2010, the bankruptcy court approved a $3.7 million disbursement to Debt Relief USA’s clients. The case was also converted to Chapter 7 and Debt Relief USA is no longer conducting business.

Bankruptcy attorneys regularly see the damage caused by debt settlement companies. In some cases money is not returned to debt settlement customers, or the company itself files bankruptcy, or the individual’s credit is destroyed. Before agreeing to any debt relief program, discuss your financial situation an experienced bankruptcy attorney. There are powerful federal laws that can protect you from overwhelming debt, and a bankruptcy attorney can review your legal options without risking your cash.
 

 Call it poetic justice, or even karma. . .

During the past few years Bank of America has been at the subject of harsh criticism for business practices that range from the mean-spirited (such as doubling credit card interest rates without notice, up to 28% for cardholders in good standing), to irresponsible (such as foreclosing on the wrong homes), to even fraudulent (such as the recent robo-signing scandal involving mortgage documents). Bank of America is the nation’s largest servicer of mortgage loans, and the second largest mortgage loan originator. You’d think good record keeping would be important to such a large company, but apparently mistakes abound at Bank of America.

Take for example the case involving Florida couple Warren and Maureen Nyerges. In 2009 the couple moved from chilly Cleveland, Ohio, to warm Naples, Florida. They purchased a foreclosed home from Bank of America and paid $165,000 cash. However, in February 16, 2010, Bank of America filed a Complaint to Foreclose on Mortgage against them, claiming the Nyerges owed almost $141,000 in unpaid mortgage debt.

Warren Nyerges, 46, a former sheriff’s deputy in Ohio, spent months trying to dismiss the suit and clear up Bank of America’s error. In April of 2010, the lawsuit was dropped, and in December the Nyerges were awarded $2,534 in attorney fees. The bank did not respond to the repeated requests to pay the court judgment. Warren called the bank, sent certified letters, called the bank’s attorney, but nothing worked. Then, in January, he hired an attorney to pursue the case. The attorney sent letters and made phone call, and still Bank of America failed to respond or pay the judgment.

On June 3, the attorney for the Nyerges, accompanied by Collier County deputy sheriffs and a moving company, arrived at a local branch of Bank of America and presented the bank manager with a writ of execution to seize assets: either pay up or the movers will start taking things. An hour later checks were cut to satisfy the court judgment.

This may seem to be an extreme example of one case that has fallen through the cracks, but the truth is that banks make errors regularly. In Utah and Nevada courts issued foreclosure injunctions against Bank of America for improper practices. Other banks have also had their share of problem in producing mortgage documents and verifying that the bank is the rightful holder of the mortgage.

If you are facing foreclosure, don’t get steamrolled by the bank! You have legal options to negotiate a lower payment or possibly strip away a junior mortgage. Call today and discover how the federal and state laws can help you save your home and protect your rights.

The Bankruptcy Code is divided into several chapters that relate to specific bankruptcy actions. The two most common types of individual bankruptcies are found in Chapter 7 and Chapter 13 of the Bankruptcy Code. The choice of filing a case under one of these chapters depends on a number of variables and the individual’s financial circumstances.

A Chapter 7 case is sometimes described as an “erase your debts and start fresh bankruptcy.” The basic concept of a Chapter 7 case is that creditors receive whatever they are legally entitled to collect on the date the bankruptcy case is filed. Legal exemptions protect most or all of a Chapter 7 debtor’s property, so creditors generally receive nothing. Unpaid unsecured debts (e.g. credit cards, medical bills) are discharged at the end of a Chapter 7 case. The debtor must choose whether to continue paying for a secured item such as a car or house, or surrender the property and discharge the debt. A typical Chapter 7 bankruptcy case will take around four months, start to finish, and the debtor will not lose any property.

In a Chapter 13 case the debtor repays all or part of her debts in installments to creditors over three to five years. The repayment period cannot exceed five years. The debtor proposes a plan to repay creditors based on the debtor’s projected income. The plan is reviewed by creditors, who may file objections, and is approved or denied by the bankruptcy court. At the end of the repayment plan, many creditors who are not paid in full are discharged. The debtor does not lose property during a Chapter 13 bankruptcy, but must pay creditors an amount equal to what they would have received in a Chapter 7 case.

Some individuals choose to file Chapter 13 to have the opportunity to repay debts over time, like a vehicle or house payment. In some cases Chapter 13 can lower or eliminate these payments. In some rare cases individuals are disqualified from Chapter 7 because their household income allows them to pay a portion of their unsecured debts.

If you are unable to pay your creditors, discuss your options with an experienced bankruptcy attorney. The Bankruptcy Code is very flexible and efficient at reducing, restructuring, and even eliminating debts you can’t afford to pay. The bankruptcy chapters allow you and your attorney to make decisions that can lead to a better financial future for you and your family.
 

Three bankruptcy courts will participate in a pilot program to assist unrepresented bankruptcy filers. Courts in New Mexico, New Jersey, and Los Angeles, California were selected for the Pro Se Pathfinder Project, a computer software program that assists do-it-yourself bankruptcy filers in completing the bankruptcy petition, schedules, and forms. In an article published in the Albuquerque Journal, Norman H. Meyer Jr., clerk of the bankruptcy court for the District of New Mexico stated, “We want this to be more user friendly with a sort of Turbo Tax approach.”

The mechanics of filing the case are relatively easy and the courts attempt to make the process as accessible as possible. However, the Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts warns, “[w]hile individuals can file a bankruptcy case without an attorney or ‘pro se,’ it is extremely difficult to do it successfully.” A 2009 study by Emory University found that dismissal rates in Chapter 7 pro se cases were higher than those with representation, and that trend has increased since the new bankruptcy laws took effect in 2005.

Filing a bankruptcy case without an attorney is a tricky proposition, and the pro se debtor is ill-equipped to perform a pre-bankruptcy legal analysis of the case. This analysis includes an assessment of property, income, expenses, and debts. Often a small adjustment to one of these categories can mean a huge difference in the outcome of the case. For instance, delaying a bankruptcy filing by a few weeks or even months may mean the difference between a three to four month bankruptcy case with no payments, and a three to five year bankruptcy case costing thousands.

The paperwork filed in a typical bankruptcy runs between 30 and 40 or more pages. The information provided in this paperwork largely dictates the outcome of your bankruptcy case. Often the pro se debtor is under a tremendous amount of stress or must act quickly to file the bankruptcy to protect property from creditors. Consequently, the pro se debtor is apt to make mistakes that can impact the case.

An experienced attorney will perform a pre-bankruptcy legal analysis of your financial situation and discuss strategies to maximize the positive benefits of your bankruptcy case. Additionally, an experienced bankruptcy attorney has office processes and procedures to eliminate mistakes in your case.

If you are considering filing bankruptcy, don’t go it alone. The benefits of having experienced counsel to represent you will save you money, stress, and provide peace of mind. Your case will be handled professionally and effectively. Don’t risk losing your chance at a fresh start. Call today for a consultation.
 

 The federal bankruptcy laws do not limit the number of times an individual can file for bankruptcy protection. When an individual is facing overwhelming debt and needs relief from creditors, the bankruptcy laws provide powerful protection. In some cases that protection can be a discharge of debt. In other cases, it means an opportunity to repay what is owed.

An individual may file multiple bankruptcies for many reasons. When a discharge of debt is needed, the federal law limits time between discharges. After you receive a discharge in a previous Chapter 7 bankruptcy case, you must wait 8 years before you can receive another Chapter 7 discharge; and 6 years to receive a Chapter 13 discharge. If you received a discharge in a previous Chapter 13 bankruptcy case, you must wait 4 years before you can receive a Chapter 7 discharge; and 2 years to receive another Chapter 13 discharge.

The above time periods are measured from the date the previous case was filed. For instance, if you filed a Chapter 7 bankruptcy on June 1, 2005, then on June 1, 2013 you will be eligible to file a Chapter 7 bankruptcy case and receive a discharge. However, on June 1, 2011 you are eligible to file a Chapter 13 bankruptcy and receive a discharge.

In some cases a discharge is not needed. A debtor can file a Chapter 13 bankruptcy and repay debts without receiving a discharge. In this situation there is no legal limitation between bankruptcy cases. This strategy is especially useful when faced with non-dischargeable debts that must be fully paid. The obligation is paid over time under the supervision and protection of the bankruptcy court. In some rare cases of abuse a bankruptcy court will deny the debtor relief. This may occur when a debtor has shown a history of repeated bankruptcy filings that have been dismissed.

If you have received a discharge and need the protection of the bankruptcy laws for a second time, discuss your situation with an experienced bankruptcy attorney. The bankruptcy laws are meant to help the honest, but unfortunate debtor and can help you straighten out a difficult financial dilemma.

During a Chapter 7 bankruptcy case, all of the property in the debtor’s “possession, custody, or control” is part of the bankruptcy estate. If there is estate property that is not exempt from collection, the bankruptcy trustee may require turn-over the property to pay creditors. It is therefore extremely important to accurately identify all of the debtor’s property and its status prior to filing a bankruptcy case.

One situation that can cause headaches in bankruptcy is misrepresenting the actual balance in a checking account on the day the bankruptcy is filed. If the debtor is unable to exempt the cash balance in a bank account, the trustee may require its turn-over, even if the cash is subsequently spent.

Delays in filing a case can sometimes lead to checking account issues. For instance, the debtor believes that the case was filed the day before payday, when actually it was filed on the debtor’s payday. The bankruptcy schedules report $100 in the bank account, when actually the amount is $1,000.

Negligence can also be a factor in bank account mishaps. One common mistake is reporting the checking ledger balance instead of the actual bank balance. The United States Supreme Court held in the case of Barnhill v. Johnson, 503 U.S. 393 (1992), that the transfer of funds occurs when the bank honors a check. Therefore, if the bank balance is $2,000 and $1,900 is written in outstanding checks that have not been honored by the bank, the full $2,000 is property of the estate.

Preventing the above problems is simply a combination of good bookkeeping and good communication.  First obtain your actual bank balance, and account for any direct deposits, pay checks, and any outstanding checks.  Next discuss the situation with your bankruptcy attorney. Be careful about writing checks just prior to filing bankruptcy.  In some cases pre-filing financial transfers can cause additional issues in your bankruptcy.  It may be prudent to delay your bankruptcy filing until certain checks clear or your paycheck has been spent on necessities. 

Avoiding surprises and problems in your bankruptcy case takes cooperation between you and your attorney. Immediately inform your attorney if you have changes in your property, debts, income, or expenses after you have signed your bankruptcy petition. 

Beginning in the 1970’s, many college graduates chose to discharge their student loan debt immediately after graduation. As a result, Congress tightened the restrictions on discharging government-backed student loan debt, and by 1998 federal student loans were not dischargeable except under circumstances of undue hardship. Today the standard is whether repayment of the student loan “would impose an undue hardship on the debtor and the debtor’s dependents.”

“Undue hardship” seems like an easy hurdle to clear. If you are broke, the choice may be buying food or paying on the student loan, right? Unfortunately, courts have taken a very narrow and hard-line approach in construing the undue hardship standard. Consequently, it is very difficult to discharge student loans in bankruptcy. A good example of this is found in the recent case of Wallace v. Educational Credit Management Corp., 2010 WL 5764771 (Bky.S.D. Ohio Dec. 1, 2010).

The bankruptcy debtor in Wallace graduated with bachelor’s degree in sociology and over $30,000 in student loan debt. Wallace was able to work one year making a little over $12,000 before being forced to quit working due to complications from diabetes. Over the next few years he lost one eye, and had a kidney and pancreas removed. By 2008, he was legally blind and receiving $811 each month in social security disability. His monthly expenses were determined to be $790.

Wallace and his attorney filed an adversary case in the bankruptcy court seeking to discharge the student loan debt under the undue hardship standard. The Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of Ohio looked at three factors (known as the Brunner test) in reaching its decision:

1. whether Wallace could maintain a “minimal” standard of living if forced to repay the student loan debt;
2. whether additional circumstances exist indicating that this state of affairs is likely to persist for a significant portion of the student loan repayment period; and
3. whether Wallace made a good faith effort to repay the student loans.

The Ohio Bankruptcy Court decided that while the first prong of the Brunner test was met, Wallace “failed to demonstrate that his state of affairs is likely to persist for a significant portion of the repayment period of the Loan.” The Bankruptcy Court ordered Wallace to pay $20 per month, but stayed final judgment on the issue until 2012 and would review the case. In a bit of ironic prose, the court stated that “It remains to be seen into which group Wallace will land, whether he will find work or remain unemployed.”

As you can see from the Wallace case, student loans are very difficult to discharge. If you believe you can meet the undue hardship test, discuss your with an experienced bankruptcy attorney. While not impossible, discharging student loans is a very high bar to clear.
 

The Bankruptcy Code forgives many honest financial mistakes. However, it also provides creditor remedies for debts that may be less than honest. The Bankruptcy Code allows a creditor to object to the discharge of a credit card debt when there is evidence that the debtor has committed fraud.

A bank objecting to the discharge of a credit card debt on the basis of fraud will file an adversary case against the debtor. The fraud claim is usually one of two types: (1) fraud in obtaining the credit; or (2) fraud in incurring the credit.

A bank may claim that the debtor committed fraud in obtaining the credit card. If the creditor can prove that the card was obtained under false pretenses (i.e. that the application was false), the credit card debt may be declared non-dischargeable because of the fraud. False pretenses may include many things, but is usually lying about financial stability or income.

The bank may claim that a charge was made when the debtor was unable to repay, and had no intention to repay the debt. Because proving this may be difficult for the creditor, the bankruptcy law presumes that a charge is fraudulent if luxury goods are purchased, or a cash advance is taken, shortly before the bankruptcy case is filed. It is then up to the debtor to prove that the charge is not fraudulent or the charge is not included in the bankruptcy discharge.

Banks routinely check the bankruptcy debtor’s account for signs of fraud. Some red flag actions include:

• Filing bankruptcy on a new card;
• Taking a cash advance prior to filing;
• Charges for travel or vacation;
• A debt transfer from one card to another;
• Credit charges while unemployed; and
• Charges made after consulting a bankruptcy attorney.

The more time between the credit card activity and the bankruptcy filing, the less likely the charge will cause a discharge dispute. The best advice is: if you are considering bankruptcy, stop using your credit cards. Consult with your bankruptcy attorney regarding the best way to discharge your credit card debt.

A short sale is the sale of real estate for less than the balance owed on the property. Short sales are common in today's real estate market, where home prices have fallen and the home owner is no longer able to pay the mortgage loan. A short sale takes cooperation between the home owner and the lender to sell the property at a loss. Both parties must consent to the sale. A short sale can avoid a foreclosure, which can be mutually beneficial to the parties. The lender avoids the expense of a foreclosure and the home owner avoids the negative impact on personal credit.

Short sales were seldom used by homeowners prior to the mortgage crisis because a short sale results in a deficiency balance obligation to the homeowner. The home owner was sometimes sued for the difference between the amount owed on the home and the short sale price, or, more commonly was taxed by the IRS on the amount "forgiven" by the lender. Either way, a short sale created another heavy burden on the home owner.

In response to the mortgage crisis, the Mortgage Forgiveness Debt Relief Act was signed into law in 2007 which excludes from income a discharge of debt on a principle residence. Debt forgiven by a lender in connection with a foreclosure, refinance, or short sale in calendar years 2007 through 2012 is eligible for this relief. Up to $2 million is excluded ($1 million if married filing separately). This relief only applies to a principal residence, and does not include a second home, credit cards, or a car loan.

A forgiven debt is generally taxed as income to the tax payer, but that is not always the case. The most common exclusions of this tax are: (1) if the tax payer was insolvent immediately before the debt was forgiven; (2) if the debt was discharged in bankruptcy; or (3) if the debt is a qualified principal residence indebtedness until 2012.

If you are struggling with a home mortgage and need to walk away, consult with an experienced bankruptcy attorney and learn how the law can work for you. Your attorney can explain your options and together you can make the decisions for a better financial future.

Credit Card APRs have risen over 20% during the past two years to an all-time high of nearly 15%, according to information CreditCards.com collects from 100 of the nation’s top credit card companies. While the best interest non-introductory rates are a reasonable 7 to 13%, people with bad credit can expect to get stuck with an APR of 24% or higher.

The Credit CARD Act of 2009 stopped card companies from raising interest rates without prior notice and curtailed other abusive practices. The credit card industry has responded by increasing interest rates for future charges and on new customer accounts. Beverly Harzog of Credit.com was quoted by CNNMoney as saying, “Rates are going up because card issuers know that once you get a card they can't raise the rates, so they're raising rates on the front end to ensure they get the revenue from that interest.”

So what are your best options if you have poor credit? First, stay away from cards that charge high fees commonly labeled Acceptance Fee, Participation Fee, or Annual Fee. In some cases a credit card with a $250.00 credit limit may already have $175.00 in fees charged against it!

Instead, take a look at secured credit cards. These cards are available to anyone, including recently discharged bankruptcy debtors. To obtain a secured credit card you must first provide a cash collateral deposit to the bank that becomes your credit line. For example, if you deposit $500 into the account, your credit line is up to $500. If you fail to make monthly payments or honor the terms of the credit agreement, the bank simply closes your account, offsets what it is owed against the deposit, and returns the remaining money to you.

In many cases a secured credit card is reported to the three largest credit reporting bureaus (Equifax, Transunion, and Experian), so the cardholder can improve a credit score significantly with payments over time. Some banks will reward its secured cardholders who pay on time with unsecured increases to the credit line. Bankrate.com maintains a list of banks that issue secured credit cards. Be sure to investigate and compare the fees and interest rates charged by these companies before opening an account.

If you are struggle with paying your bills each month, get out of the vicious cycle of debt by using the federal bankruptcy laws. The bankruptcy discharge can be your ticket to financial stability and savings for the future. Call today and discover how bankruptcy can help you.

Fears & Nachawati Bankruptcy Law Office

4925 Greenville Ave Suite 715, Dallas, TX 75206 (214) 890-0711
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The federal bankruptcy system is built on trust. The Supreme Court of the United States has consistently held that bankruptcy provides a fresh start for the honest, but unfortunate debtor. However, a dishonest debtor can face significant obstacles and make his financial and legal situation worse.

The bankruptcy laws are meant to give an honest debtor a fresh start, but not a head start. The debtor is expected to make a reasonable and good faith effort to repay his creditors. The debtor must provide honest and accurate information regarding his income, expenses, assets, and debts to the bankruptcy court. The information is reviewed by creditors and the bankruptcy trustee and is a snapshot of the debtor’s financial status on the day the bankruptcy was filed.

The law does not expect bankruptcy debtors to go without food, or clothing, or to stop paying the family car payment in order to pay a credit card bill. On the other hand, the debtor is expected to pay if the money can be reasonably had from extra monthly income or by selling an unnecessary item of property.

Even with the large benefit that bankruptcy can provide, some debtors still try to “game” the system. Failing to honestly and accurately disclose income or assets can result in a denial of bankruptcy discharge. In some cases the bankruptcy court may dismiss the debtor’s case for dishonest acts like lying on the bankruptcy schedules, hiding assets, failing to maintain financial records, refusing to turn over records, and refusing to cooperate with the trustee. If the debtor’s case is dismissed or a discharge is denied, the debtor will remain liable for all debts.
 

If a discharge is denied, any assets turned over during the case will still be administered by the bankruptcy trustee and the debtor may lose non-exempt property to creditors.

Perhaps the most serious consequence to the dishonest debtor is a federal criminal charge for bankruptcy fraud. Dishonest acts during bankruptcy may be referred to the Federal Bureau of Investigation for investigation. Other federal agencies may become involved like the Internal Revenue Service Criminal Investigation’s Bankruptcy Fraud Program. The Department of Justice Trustee Program maintains a website and toll-free number for the general public to report suspected bankruptcy fraud.

The old saying goes, “pigs get fat, hogs get slaughtered.” Don’t be hoggish during bankruptcy and report your financial information honestly and accurately. An experienced bankruptcy attorney can evaluate your financial situation and advise you in the most beneficial and legal way to protect your family’s income and assets during bankruptcy. Call today and discover how the powerful federal bankruptcy laws can help you.
 

Fears & Nachawati Bankruptcy Law Offices

4925 Greenville Ave Suite 715, Dallas, TX 75206 (214) 890-0711
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Chapter 7 is an erase-your-debts-start-fresh bankruptcy.  A debtor in Chapter 7 is unable to pay his creditors over time, so he offers to liquidate his assets. The basic idea is that all of the debtor's property is taken and sold to pay creditors.  Any debt that cannot be paid from the debtor's property is legally discharged.  The debtor has paid all he can.

However, it's not practical to take everything a person owns.  Consequently the federal bankruptcy laws balance the rights of the creditors to receive payment against the need of the debtor to remain able to provide food, clothing, and shelter for his family.  The bankruptcy laws allow the debtor to keep reasonable and modest amounts of furniture, clothing, jewelry, and, in most cases, a home and car.

Keeping a vehicle after filing Chapter 7 depends on three questions.  First, "Is the vehicle worth more than you owe?"  Vehicle equity must be protected with exemptions.  The bankruptcy laws allow a Chapter 7 debtor to keep a modest amount of equity in a vehicle, and other exemptions may be available to protect larger amounts of equity.  In basic terms, if you have a new Cadillac, and its paid for (meaning a large amount of equity), the car will be taken and sold to pay creditors.

Second, "Is the vehicle worth less than you owe?"  In some cases the debtor’s vehicle loan is a great deal more than the vehicle is worth.  In those cases the bankruptcy laws allow the debtor to pay the amount the vehicle is worth and discharge the difference.  This process is called "redemption" and the fair market value of the vehicle must be paid to the creditor in one lump sum.  Additional financing is often required to obtain the lump sum payment, although the money can come from any source.

Since a loan secured by a vehicle must be paid or the vehicle returned, the final question is, "Are you able to continue making payments?"  If you are unable or unwilling to make the monthly payment, the vehicle may be surrendered back to the creditor, and you owe nothing.  If you want to continue making payments on the auto loan, you should discuss a reaffirmation agreement with your attorney.  Generally, a reaffirmation agreement is filed with the bankruptcy court and continues the loan obligations of the lender and borrower.

If you are interested in keeping your vehicle after a Chapter 7 bankruptcy case, speak to your bankruptcy attorney and discuss your options of surrender, reaffirmation, or redemption.  Your attorney can explain the benefits of each process and map out a plan to keep your vehicle before you ever file your case.

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Once you have received a Chapter 7 discharge and your bankruptcy case has closed, the financial recovery can begin. Good financial habits should become part of your daily life, like living within a budget, paying cash instead of credit for purchases, and contributing to your future with retirement funds and cash savings. But what happens if you need a car loan shortly after completing a Chapter 7 bankruptcy case?

Obtaining an auto loan after a Chapter 7 bankruptcy requires some work and patience. A good first step is to contact the finance manager at a large auto dealer in your community. Large dealerships have special relationships with local banks and credit unions and are more likely to find you financing. You will have a better chance at finding financing through a large auto dealer rather than a small auto dealer or even a local bank.

Primarily, the lender wants assurances that the loan will be repaid. The easy answer is to obtain a co-signor or guarantor with good credit. If you fail to pay the auto loan, the loan company can try to collect from you, your co-signor, or both. In some cases, an auto finance company will not approve a loan which includes a borrower with a recent bankruptcy – despite the assurances of a co-signor. That is not the case for every lender, so do not get discouraged if you are denied.

If you are unable to obtain a co-signor, in many cases a large down-payment may persuade a lender to take a chance with you. Cash on the table also means that the dealership has a greater incentive to make the deal happen. Ordinarily a 20% down payment is a minimum amount to get this type of result.

Large dealerships may also provide financing or other in-house opportunities for buyers with damaged credit. Some lenders may offer high interest rate loan programs that will step down the interest rate with timely payments. Large dealers also have access to promotions and special financing from the manufacturer.

Be wise and careful when using credit! Because the large dealership is under a great incentive to sell new vehicles, recently discharged debtors are often offered new vehicle financing. This may mean buying a car you don’t want at a price you can’t afford. Be careful in this situation and do not be blinded by the offer of credit and the thought of a new car.

Redemption is a process during a Chapter 7 bankruptcy case where a debtor is able to retain a vehicle by paying the secured creditor the value of the vehicle, not the total debt that is owed. For example, if you owe $15,000 to Ford Motor Credit, but the car securing the debt is only worth $10,000, you can use the redemption process to pay only the value of the vehicle ($10,000), keep the car, and discharge the remaining unsecured debt ($5,000).

Redemption is only available to those debtors who are able to pay the entire value in one lump sum. So in our example above, after the bankruptcy court approves the redemption, Ford Motor credit must receive the entire $10,000. Payments are not allowed. While this may appear to be an insurmountable obstacle, the truth is that there are several financing sources available to you. Some finance companies specialize in providing loans to debtors in bankruptcy, including 722 Redemption Funding and Fresh Start Loan Corporation. Experienced bankruptcy attorneys are very familiar with these companies and other finance sources.

The process for obtaining a redemption auto loan is very similar to qualifying for a traditional loan. Finance companies require a loan application and assurances that you will be able to repay the loan (e.g. steady employment, reasonable debt to income ratio, good payment history, etc). The interest rate can be high for a redemption loan; however the resulting monthly payment is often lower than the original monthly payment. 

If you are interested in lowering your monthly payments through the redemption process, discuss your options with your attorney. It is important to carefully consider all of the advantages and disadvantages before making a decision to redeem a vehicle. Some of the advantages of a redemption loan are:

• Retention of the vehicle;
• Vehicle is no longer “upside down;”
• The creditor cannot repossess the vehicle;
• Usually results in a lower monthly payment.

The main disadvantage of a redemption loan is:

• High interest rate

Redemption is not the only option for keeping a vehicle after a bankruptcy. A skilled bankruptcy attorney can explain all of your options and help you obtain the best deal for you and your family. 

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In the wake of the “robo-notary” scandal that has prompted federal investigations into the foreclosure processes of several large banks, another “robo” scandal against consumer debtors has been resolved.  Allied Interstate Inc., a large Minnesota debt collection agency, has agreed to pay $1.75 million to settle a case filed by the Federal Trade Commission.  The FTC alleged that Allied use robo-dialers to automatically call the same people multiple times a day, and in many cases attempted to collect debts that individuals didn't owe.
 

Allied Interstate Inc. has a history of consumer complaints.  According to the Minneapolis Star Tribune, the FTC’s federal lawsuit alleged that Allied continued to use its robo-dialing software to call consumers even after it learned it was calling the wrong person or after the individual insisted the debt was not valid.  The FTC lawsuit also alleged that debt collectors spoke to neighbors, co-workers or others about a consumer's debts, and threatened legal action it didn't intend to take.  Both of these practices violate the Fair Debt Collections Practices Act, a federal law that protects consumers.

The settlement is the second largest civil penalty the FTC has ever obtained against a debt collection firm. A FTC spokesman stated that the lawsuit and resulting settlement sent a message to the collections industry that repeatedly calling consumers who dispute a debt is not tolerated.

If you are being harassed by collection firms and need assistance with your debts, consult with an attorney and learn how the federal laws can help you.  Once you have hired an attorney the federal law forbids third parties (like collection agencies or collection attorneys) from contacting you, your neighbors, or your employer.  The collector must speak with your attorney.  Furthermore, once you file a bankruptcy case, you are under the protection of the federal court and any subsequent contact or collection action is punishable by contempt of court.  Don’t put off getting help.  Contact an experienced bankruptcy attorney today.

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The federal Bankruptcy Code provides many options for an individual to reorganize his finances.  In some cases, a Chapter 7 debtor may decide that he can no longer afford to make the monthly payments on a secured loan.  This may be a loan secured by real estate, a vehicle, or personal items.  When the monthly payment is not affordable, the debtor should consider his options.  These options may include restructuring the debt through Bankruptcy Code provisions such as re-writing the note in a reaffirmation agreement, lien-stripping, or redemption.  The debtor may also consider using a non-bankruptcy option such as refinancing.  Whatever the decision, the general rule in bankruptcy is that secured items must be paid for or returned to the secured creditor.

The best financial decision for the debtor may be to simply "walk away" from a secured debt.  Surrendering property back to a creditor is not an easy decision, but in many cases it can be a very liberating experience.  Surrendering property is usually as simple as coordinating a time between your attorney and the creditor, and then delivering the property.  Once the creditor takes possession of the property, the debt is no longer secured and is discharged at the end of the Chapter 7 bankruptcy case.  It is important to continue to safeguard the property and maintain insurance until the property transfer is completed.

The threat of surrendering the property can be a highly effective negotiating tool.  In most cases the creditor doesn't want the property, it wants the money.  Taking property is a costly expense to the creditor and the threat of surrender may open the possibility for negotiating affordable terms during reaffirmation, redemption, or cram-down.

If you have secured property you can no longer afford to keep, consider surrendering the property during a Chapter 7 bankruptcy and "walking away" from the debt.  Discuss your options with your attorney and learn how the federal Bankruptcy Code can help you restructure your finances.

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Most retirement savings accounts are considered either exempt or not part of the bankruptcy estate and, therefore, are protected from turn-over during Chapter 7 bankruptcy. When an account is considered “not property of the bankruptcy estate” it cannot be taken by the bankruptcy trustee for distribution to creditors.

The U.S. Supreme Court has held that an employee’s interest in an employer pension plan (that qualifies under ERISA) is not property of the bankruptcy estate. The Bankruptcy Code also protects certain retirement funds during a Chapter 7 bankruptcy case. Retirement accounts classified under sections 401, 403, 408, 408A, 414, 457, or 501(a) of the Internal Revenue Code are exempt from collection (up to certain amounts). These sections cover most retirement plans and include pension plans, profit sharing plans, stock bonus plans, employee annuities, IRAs, Roth IRAs, government deferred compensation plans, plans of tax exempt organizations, and certain trusts. The laws generally exempt these accounts up to a million dollars for each debtor.

Other retirement accounts not otherwise exempt are protected if they are necessary for the support of the debtor and the debtor’s dependents. Finally, bankruptcy laws protect certain retirement accounts like 457 deferred compensation plans, 403(b) tax deferred annuities, and health insurance plans regulated by state law.

However, every case is different. This year one bankruptcy court in Texas found that an IRA that was inherited by a debtor in bankruptcy did not receive the same retirement account protection under the bankruptcy laws. In that case the court found that the IRA would only receive retirement account protection in bankruptcy if the debtor was the account holder and not merely a beneficiary.

If you are experiencing debts you cannot pay, speak to an experienced bankruptcy attorney before taking any withdrawals from your retirement account. In many cases your debts can be discharged during bankruptcy and your retirement account fully protected from creditors.

There is no qualifying minimum debt limit for an individual bankruptcy.  Debtors who otherwise qualify for Chapter 7 bankruptcy can file with any amount of secured or unsecured debt.  The purpose of a Chapter 7 bankruptcy is to provide the debtor a fresh start without the burden of overwhelming debt.  In some cases this debt may be objectively very small (perhaps only a few thousand dollars), but it be relatively very large to a person on a fixed income from retirement, disability, or otherwise.

In cases where the amount of dischargeable debt is objectively small, both the bankruptcy attorney and the client should take care to consider all of the consequences of filing.  First, bankruptcy is not cheap.  There is a court filing fee, a credit counseling fee, a personal financial management course fee, and, of course, your attorney’s fees.  In some extreme cases some or all of these fees may be waived.  Second, a bankruptcy filing can significantly impair the debtor’s ability to borrow money and obtain credit, at least for the short term.  Finally, non-exempt property may be at risk.  For many poor debtors, these consequences have little, if any, affect.  Many poor debtors seek bankruptcy protection simply to rid themselves of the nuisance of debt collection.

While there is no minimum amount of debt required to file a Chapter 13 bankruptcy, the bankruptcy laws set a ceiling on the amount of secured and unsecured debt a person can have in a Chapter 13 case.  These limits as of April 1, 2010 are $1,081,400 for secured debt and $360,475 for unsecured debt.  The Chapter 13 debt limits adjust every three years.  Cases that exceed these limits are ineligible for Chapter 13 bankruptcy, but may qualify under Chapters 7 or 11.  There is currently some confusion in our courts as to how these debt limits apply in a joint husband and wife Chapter 13 case.  Some courts will separately consider debt that is individual and not joint, effectively increasing the Chapter 13 limits.

An experienced bankruptcy attorney can evaluate your case and discuss any issues surrounding your case.  Whatever the amount of your debt, if you are unable to pay, the federal bankruptcy laws can offer you substantial relief.  Speak with an experienced bankruptcy attorney and discover how the federal bankruptcy laws can help you.

The Bankruptcy Code provides real relief for individuals who have run out of financial options and can protect the debtor from creditor collection action even at the last minute.  By filing an emergency bankruptcy petition a debtor can stop a foreclosure or other legal action dead in its tracks.

When a debtor files a bankruptcy case all creditor collection action must cease immediately and automatically.  The bankruptcy automatic stay stops foreclosures, repossessions, garnishments, the commencement or continuation of nearly all lawsuits, and other creditor collection action dead in its tracks.  Because the effect of the automatic stay takes place immediately upon filing of the bankruptcy petition, it is not uncommon for a debtor to seek bankruptcy protection on the eve of a foreclosure, repossession, or other legal action.  A bankruptcy filing mere minutes before a foreclosure sale or lawsuit will stop the action or void the sale or judgment.

Waiting until the eleventh hour to seek out a bankruptcy attorney can be dangerous for the bankruptcy debtor.  First, the Bankruptcy Code mandates that to be eligible to file a personal bankruptcy the debtor must first complete a session with an approved credit counseling agency.  It is challenging to have an initial meeting with a bankruptcy attorney and complete this counseling on the same day you file bankruptcy.  The bankruptcy courts waive this requirement only under the most extreme emergency situations when credit counseling was not available to the debtor.  While it may seem that your case is an emergency situation, chances are that a waiver request will be denied. 

Second, your bankruptcy attorney must explore your finances with you and will require information that you may not be able to provide at the initial meeting. Your attorney needs information in order to protect your assets with legal exemptions and identify potential problems with property transfers.  Certain financial dealings may unknowingly thrust friends, family members, or business partners into your bankruptcy case.

Filing an emergency bankruptcy petition can stop creditors in their tracks, but it can also present potential problems for the debtor.  If you are considering a bankruptcy filing to protect your property, consult with an experienced attorney as early in the process as possible.  Your bankruptcy attorney can explain how the federal bankruptcy laws can help your family and identify any areas of concern. 

The goal of a Chapter 7 bankruptcy is to relieve the debtor from the burden of debts he cannot afford to pay and provide a fresh financial start.  This goal is achieved through the Chapter 7 bankruptcy discharge.  The Chapter 7 discharge is a court-ordered permanent injunction that prohibits discharged creditors from taking any collection action against the debtor.  While the discharge order is very broad, certain debts are excluded from the discharge order. 

 Below are debts that are commonly included in a Chapter 7 bankruptcy discharge:

·         Credit cards

·         Medical bills

·         Unsecured personal loans

·         Old utility bills

·         Certain income tax debts that are more than three years old

·         Payday loans

Below are debts that are commonly excluded from a Chapter 7 bankruptcy discharge:

·         Recent income tax debts

·         Domestic support obligations (child support and alimony)

·         Student loans

·         Government fines or criminal restitution

·         Any debt resulting from an intentional injury

·         Any debt resulting from a DWI

·         Any debt incurred by fraud

Debts that are excluded from the bankruptcy discharge will survive the bankruptcy and, once the bankruptcy is over, the creditor may take any legal action to collect against the debtor.  For this reason, it may be beneficial for some debtors to file Chapter 13 and use the power of the automatic stay during the pendency of the bankruptcy case to pay a non-dischargeable debt, especially in cases involving income tax debt or a child support arrearage. 

If you have bills you cannot pay, speak to an experienced attorney and discuss your options under the federal bankruptcy laws.  A Chapter 7 bankruptcy discharge can provide peace of mind and start you on a path for financial recovery.

While it is common for a husband and wife to file a joint bankruptcy, in some cases it may be beneficial for only one spouse to file.  When one spouse files for bankruptcy protection, the other spouse is not automatically joined into the case.  The husband and wife are treated separately and individually, although there are some consequences to the non-filing spouse, both positive and negative. 

Filing separately can have several advantages to a husband and wife who have separate property and debts.  It is especially appropriate when there is a large debt that only one spouse is liable to pay, and the parties are able to either protect their marital property through exemptions or by virtue of the non-filing spouse holding the property as non-joint property.  Property in which the debtor has no ownership interest is generally not property of the debtor’s bankruptcy estate and beyond the reach of the bankruptcy court. 

While the bankruptcy automatic stay will stop collection action against the debtor, this protection does not apply to protect a non-debtor.  In a Chapter 7 case, a creditor may still collect on a joint debt from the non-filing spouse.  In a Chapter 13 case, the bankruptcy code imposes a co-debtor stay that generally prohibits collection on joint debts during the bankruptcy. 

Likewise, the discharge order at the end of the case will only apply to bankruptcy debtor.  The discharge does not prevent collection on any joint debt from the non-filing spouse.  Most joint debts are the result of a contract or the agreement of the husband and wife to pay a debt, however in some limited cases a statute or other circumstances may make both parties liable for a debt.  If you have any questions concerning whether you or your spouse is liable for a debt, consult with your attorney. 

Property may be protected during the property through state or federal law exemptions, or the property may be excluded from the bankruptcy estate when the bankruptcy debtor has no ownership interest.  Property that is held jointly and cannot be protected by exemption laws may be at risk for turn-over to pay creditors in a Chapter 7 case. 

The decision to file bankruptcy for one or both spouses can require a complex analysis of the separate and joint property and debts of each spouse.  Every case is different and while some cases gain a benefit from filing jointly, other cases receive a greater benefit from a separate bankruptcy.  If you are in a situation where a separate bankruptcy filing may benefit your family, consult with an experienced bankruptcy attorney and discuss your options.  The federal bankruptcy laws offer many choices for individuals needing debt relief and your attorney can help you decide the best financial decision for your family.

There is an old saying in the bankruptcy world, “Pigs get fat, hogs get slaughtered.”  It means the honest, but unfortunate bankruptcy debtor will keep enough property to live comfortably and then some.  On the other hand, when the debtor conceals assets, hides income, or attempts to keep more than legally entitled, the bankruptcy process may serve up the hoggish debtor on a silver platter. 

We may be witnessing a good old fashioned hog roast in the media.  Teresa Giudice, star of the Bravo television show The Real Housewives of New Jersey, is embroiled in a fight with a New Jersey bankruptcy trustee.  Teresa and her husband Joe filed for Chapter 7 protection in late October, 2009, but have yet to receive a discharge from the bankruptcy court.   

On June 30, trustee John W. Sywilok filed an adversary complaint seeking to deny the Giudice’s bankruptcy discharge.  The trustee alleges that the Guidices “concealed documents, records and papers from which the Defendant's financial condition or business transactions could be ascertained.”  The trustee also complains that the Guidices failed to disclose financial or ownership interests in several businesses, including a pizza parlor and a Laundromat, as well as a book written prior to the bankruptcy.   

Recently the trustee produced documents showing that the Giudices when on a $60,000 shopping spree before and after filing bankruptcy.  During court testimony reported by the New York Post, Sywilok claimed that over $45,000 worth of furniture was purchased, and $11,000 of that just two days before filing bankruptcy.  

The trouble the Giudices face with the bankruptcy court is very real and very serious.  If the court determines that assets or income were intentionally concealed, the debtors may be denied a discharge.  An auction of assets has been ordered by the bankruptcy court, so a denial of discharge will mean that the Giudices lose their property, creditors will receive the proceeds of the auction (including a substantial payment to the trustee as compensation), and any remaining debt will survive the Chapter 7 case.  Consequently, the Giudices may face additional state court litigation on their debts and garnishment of future earnings.  If the case is egregious enough, the bankruptcy court may refer the case to the Department of Justice to investigate possible bankruptcy fraud, a federal criminal act.   

Regardless of the outcome, the Giudice case is an excellent example of how not to act before and during your bankruptcy case.  If you need relief from your debts and are willing to deal honestly and fairly with the trustee and your creditors, bankruptcy can discharge your debts and give you a fresh financial start.  Consult with an experienced bankruptcy attorney today and discover how the federal bankruptcy laws can help you and your family.

Examining your options is important for anyone experiencing debt problems.  If you are considering bankruptcy or debt settlement to resolve your financial difficulties, investigate the consequences of each process before making your decision.  Below is some information about debt settlement companies and bankruptcy that you may not know: Free Consultation 

Debt Settlement:  The debt settlement process will harm your credit for years.  Creditors will report your delinquent account until it is paid.  Your report may identify settled accounts as paid less than 100%, which also adversely affects your credit score. 

Bankruptcy:  Any debt included in a bankruptcy appears on your credit report as discharged with a zero balance from the date you filed your bankruptcy case.  Bankruptcy stops adverse reporting so your credit report can improve.  Free Consultation 

Debt Settlement:  The typical debt settlement account will resolve your debt with a lump sum payment of between 20% and 80% of the debt.

Bankruptcy:  In most bankruptcy cases you pay nothing to unsecured creditors. 

Debt Settlement:  Any settled debt will have tax consequences and you may have to pay the IRS. 

Bankruptcy:  There is no tax liability for a debt discharged in bankruptcy. 

Debt Settlement:  You may be sued while you or your representative is attempting to settle your debt.

Bankruptcy:  All lawsuits are prohibited during your bankruptcy case. 

Debt Settlement: Some debt settlement companies are disreputable and the process is even illegal in some states.

Bankruptcy:  The bankruptcy process is authorized by the United States Constitution and its laws are written by Congress.  Only licensed attorneys admitted to practice in the federal courts are able to represent bankruptcy debtors. 

Debt Settlement:  The debt settlement process can take more than a year.  The general rule is: the longer you don’t pay, the better the settlement.  Creditors are reluctant to accept less than full payment unless they believe that you may file bankruptcy. Free Consultation

Bankruptcy:  The typical chapter 7 bankruptcy case takes less than six months. 

If you are struggling with debt, investigate your options and speak with an experienced bankruptcy attorney.  The federal bankruptcy law is a powerful tool to eliminate your debt problem and put you on the road to financial recovery.

It is no surprise that illness is a chief contributor to personal bankruptcy.  In fact, a 2009 study released by Harvard researchers claims that 62% of all personal bankruptcies during 2007 were caused by health problems. Many individuals struggling with medical bills need relief, but worry about how a bankruptcy will affect their ability to receive medical care in the future. 

Under the Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act hospitals and ambulance services are required to provide emergency healthcare to a person regardless of ability to pay.  This federal law requires appropriate medical screening, necessary stabilization, and transfer to an appropriate facility for treatment of an emergency condition.  In broad general terms, if you have an emergency medical condition, a hospital ER must treat you. 

If you do not have an emergency medical condition, the hospital or doctor may refuse treatment to a bankruptcy debtor.  It is unusual for a hospital to deny service after bankruptcy unless the patient demonstrates an inability to pay the new bill.  If you have insurance or other form of guaranteed payment, the hospital will likely treat you. 

Individual physicians are more likely to deny services if you have discharged their bill.  Many bankruptcy debtors want to continue a relationship with their personal doctor, and consequently make payment arrangements after the bankruptcy has been filed. While the bankruptcy law requires the debtor to list every creditor, there is no prohibition against paying a debt after the bankruptcy.  Paying the debt does not renew or create a new obligation and the doctor may not take action to collect a discharged debt (i.e. writing or calling to encourage payment). 

If you need to include medical bills in your bankruptcy, but worry about receiving future medical care, consult with your bankruptcy attorney.  In most cases there is no interruption in medical care or treatment.  Know your legal rights and be informed of how your bankruptcy will affect your ability to receive medical care.

There are a surprising number of options for a debtor to retain possession of a vehicle during bankruptcy.  Choosing the best option depends on several factors including your ability to pay and the condition of your vehicle.  In some cases the best financial option is to surrender your vehicle back to the bank and purchase a different one.   

Years ago it was unheard of for a debtor in an active bankruptcy to obtain an auto loan.  Several years ago two companies, 722 Redemption Funding, and Fresh Start Loan Corporation, began making auto loans to debtors in bankruptcy, and now many banks have lending programs for debtors.  The attitude towards bankruptcy has changed and many debtors are evaluated more on their future ability to pay the loan rather than their past financial trouble. 

Obtaining an auto loan during bankruptcy is a matter of showing stable income, a good debt-to-income ratio, and some assurance that your current financial trouble is unusual and not likely to reoccur.  All lenders require a loan application and the criteria for approval can vary significantly.  Some lenders will not approve a loan if you have had a prior repossession.  Other lenders want a substantial down payment.  New auto loans often want the bankruptcy discharged before approving the loan.  In all cases your vehicle choice will be restricted to a newer vehicle with low miles. 

During a Chapter 7 bankruptcy the debtor and the lender are free to negotiate terms outside of the bankruptcy case.  The loan is not a part of the case and is not affected by the bankruptcy discharge.  For Chapter 13 debtors, any new indebtedness must be approved by the trustee and the court.  In most cases the Chapter 13 debtor can obtain approval after a showing of need and ability to pay. 

If you are considering bankruptcy and need to buy a different vehicle, consult with an experienced attorney.  There are many different options during bankruptcy for retaining, refinancing, or purchasing a different vehicle.  Call today and get the information you need to drive your financial future.  

In a Chapter 13 bankruptcy case the debtor proposes a plan to pay back creditors.  That plan is composed of monthly payments to satisfy all or part of the creditors' claims over three to five years.  Monthly payments are made to the Chapter 13 Trustee, who then pays your creditors. 

There is often confusion over when the first plan payment due. Section 1326 of the Bankruptcy Code directs that the first payment must be made within 30 days after filing the bankruptcy case, even if the debtor’s bankruptcy plan has not yet been approved by the court.  Often the first meeting with the Trustee (also known as the "341 meeting" or "meeting of creditors") is scheduled more than 30 days after the filing date, so the Trustee expects your first payment before that meeting.  The Trustee will hold all payments until the plan is approved by the Bankruptcy Court (called "confirmation"), and then make distributions to creditors. 

It is critical that you make this initial payment within thirty days after filing.  It is especially important to monitor the status of this first payment when you have instructed your employer to pay the Trustee from your wages.  It is your responsibility to ensure that this first payment is made, and neither the Trustee nor the Bankruptcy Court gives much latitude to a debtor who misses the first deadline in the case. 

Filing bankruptcy is a very personal process. Many clients worry that their friends and neighbors will learn about their bankruptcy. A common question is, “Who will know about my bankruptcy?”

First, personal bankruptcy cases are generally not reported in the local newspaper. Unless you are a celebrity or public figure, your bankruptcy is not newsworthy. More than 1.4 million consumer filings were recorded last year, so many larger newspapers would have to publish thousands of bankruptcies in their papers each month. It is not cost-effective for a newspaper to search through the bankruptcy court records to find individuals who filed in their distribution area and use valuable print space to report on personal bankruptcy cases.

Second, the bankruptcy laws require notices of the bankruptcy filing to go out to the following:

1. Everyone you owe money (called “creditors”);
2. The bankruptcy trustee;
3. Co-signors and co-debtors; and
4. You and your attorney.

Under special circumstances other notices are sent, for instance if you owe taxes, or if you want to terminate a lease or contract. Family, neighbors, friends, your employer, your bank, etc. will generally not receive notice of your bankruptcy. A common exception to this general rule is when the debtor causes a voluntary wage withholding to pay chapter 13 plan payments.

Third, while bankruptcy court proceedings and trustee meetings are open to the public, it is unusual for the press or members of the public to attend. Most of these meetings are very brief and can even be a little boring.

Finally, other than receiving notice of the bankruptcy filing from the bankruptcy court, there are only a few ways to learn of a bankruptcy case. The most common way is to contact the bankruptcy court directly. Most bankruptcy courts have an automated telephone system that will provide basic case information to the public.

Filing a bankruptcy petition is generally a private and confidential process. While there are no guarantees that your friends and neighbors will not learn about your bankruptcy, chances are they will not unless you decide to tell them. However, every case is different. If you have specific questions about the effects of filing bankruptcy, consult with an experienced bankruptcy attorney.

Bankruptcy is a powerful tool for eliminating personal debt. It is important to know what bankruptcy can do for you, and what it cannot.

What Bankruptcy Can Do:

Bankruptcy can eliminate your personal obligation on many unsecured debts. For many debtors this is the most important benefit of bankruptcy. Most credit cards and medical bills can be discharged during bankruptcy and you will never worry about them again.

Bankruptcy can stop creditor collection activities and harassment. When a bankruptcy is filed, all collection activity must stop. After a debt is discharged at the end of your bankruptcy case, the creditor is prohibited from contacting you to collect on that debt.

Bankruptcy can stop a foreclosure or repossession. In a Chapter 7 bankruptcy the debtor is given time to negotiate an agreement with the creditor, or prepare to walk-away from the debt and surrender a home or vehicle. In a Chapter 13, the debtor can also surrender property back to the creditor, or force the creditor to accept payments to cure an arrearage and resume monthly payments.

Bankruptcy can protect personal assets. Ordinary household goods, certain equity in vehicles or a family home, and retirement accounts are all protected during a bankruptcy. Statistically only 1 in 20 debtors lose anything, and your bankruptcy attorney can advise you of any property that is at risk in advance of the filing.

Bankruptcy can strip away certain liens. Many loans that are secured with an item you previously owned (called a Non-Purchase-Money Security Interest) can be stripped away during bankruptcy. Under certain circumstances a second mortgage can be stripped and made an unsecured debt (and eligible for discharged).

What Bankruptcy Cannot Do:

Bankruptcy cannot allow you to keep secured property without payment. While there are exceptions, generally if you do not pay for a secured property (e.g. car or house), the property must be returned to the secured creditor.

Bankruptcy cannot eliminate certain types of debts. The Bankruptcy Code lists debts that cannot be discharged such as student loans, certain taxes, and child support obligations. However, every situation is different and many of these “non-dischargeable debts” can be discharged under certain circumstances. Your bankruptcy attorney can discuss your individual situation and options for eliminating your debts.

The goal of the federal bankruptcy laws is to give the debtor a fresh start on a new financial future. There are many powerful legal options available in bankruptcy to eliminate or reduce overwhelming debt. An experienced bankruptcy attorney can explain your options and guide you to your fresh start.